Enterprise AI Workflow Patterns: Autonomy vs Control
Choose between single inference, fully autonomous agents, deterministic workflows, and guided hybrid agents. Comparison matrix, JSON contracts, and when to escalate from one call to a full agent.
One Agent with Routes vs Specialized Agents: When to Split
Enterprise agent architecture: when a shared runtime with governed routes is enough, and when different execution boundaries require specialized agents.
Agent Identity: Who Is Asking vs Which Software Is Acting
User identity answers who is asking; agent identity answers which software is acting. Least privilege, audit, revoke, and dual gateway checks for real-time and batch.
Spotify Music Streaming Pipeline: From Upload to Search and Play
How a Spotify-class stack turns a master upload into searchable catalog and playable audio: ingest, multi-bitrate encode, search index, multi-CDN delivery, and client ABR over HTTP range requests.
Spotify Music Discovery: Inverted Index Search Explained
System design of inverted index search with a Spotify worked example: catalog vs index, title artist album lyrics postings, autocomplete, fuzzy match, ranking, and play hydration.
After Training an LLM: From Frozen Weights to Token-by-Token Inference
What happens once training stops: frozen weights, prefill vs decode, sampling, the KV cache, and the serving tricks that make inference faster without changing what the model knows.
Aligning an LLM: From Autocomplete to Assistant
How SFT and preference tuning (RLHF/DPO) turn a pre-trained next-token model into a helpful assistant: same training loop, different data, thin layer that shapes behavior not knowledge.
During Training an LLM: From Random Weights to a Working Model
What happens inside the weight tensors as an LLM trains: random initialisation, the four-step training loop (forward, loss, backprop, optimizer), and what each component learns as a next-token model.
Adaptive Video Streaming Explained: How Netflix Streams One Chunk at a Time
Netflix does not stream one file. Chunks, quality ladders, manifests, ABR decisions, buffering, seeking, and CDN caching, one segment at a time.
Netflix Video Processing Pipeline: From Studio Upload to Global Streaming
How Netflix turns a studio mezzanine into globally streamed ABR assets: Cosmos microservices, encoding, quality, packaging, and Open Connect delivery.